Fig. 2. Blockage of autophagy enhanced IL-1β production while decreased IL-10 secretion in human PBMCs and murine BMDCs stimulated by the bacteria. (A) PBMCs (2 x 10⁶ cells/ml, n = 5 different donors) were pre-treated or not for 1 h at 37 °C with 3-MA (5 mM) or bafilomycin (100 nM) and subsequently stimulated by the different strains for 20 h. IL-10 and IL-1β release was measured in the supernatants. Data represent means ± SEM of 5 independent donors. * refers to the comparison of bacteria-stimulated PBMCs in the presence or absence of the inhibitors; *p<0.05, **p<0.01 (B) WT BMDCs pre-treated or not for 1 h at 37 °C with 3-MA (5 mM) or (C) WT and atg16l1-deficient (KO) BMDCs (0.75 x 10⁶ cells/well) were stimulated by the different strains for 20 h. IL-1β release was measured in the supernatants. Data represent means ± SEM of 3 different experiments. *p<0.05 refers to the comparison of bacteria-stimulated BMDCs in the presence or absence of 3-MA.